Found Objects - Art created from undisguised objects that are not normally considered art, because they already have a non art function.
  In Joseph Cornell's, The Hotel Eden, the found objects are identified in the exotic paper parrot, listings in French, and the remains from a large seaside hotel. Everyday objects change their usual roles and become whatever the viewer and artist want them to be in such a defined space.

Figure ground relationship - is where the ground is unworked and the figure can be clearly distinguished as lying on top of it.

The Lightning Spirit, attributed to Dick Nangulay in 1972 expresses figure-ground relationship through the bark, in which it is painted on the ground, and the spirit which is the main part of the painting is lying in space.





Figure-ground reversal - where either color can appear to be lying on top of the other.
In, Legs of Two Different Genders, by Shigeo Fukuda, the master of illusion, you can see either a woman's leg or a man's leg.
 

Placement - certain placement of images on the picture plane.

Six Persimmons, by Muqi demonstrates the use of placement by kind of causing an illusion. Our mind automatically tells us what is closer and farther away by the placement of the objects.




Scale change - a device that adds tremendous depth to a 2-D painting.
Bruegel exemplified this in, Hunters in the Snow. This small painting has tremendous depth due to the use of scale change.


Linear perspective - used to create the illusion extremely deep space. In this picture of a hallway it looks never-ending. It focuses on parallel horizontal lines to create depth.


Vanishing point - where receding parallel lines converge.
This lonesome highway exemplifies a vanishing point near the horizon and where other parallel lines converge or "vanishes."
 


One-point perspective - method that shows how the lines converge to a vanishing point.

 This drawing shows how one-point perspective is used to establish a vanishing point.

Two-point perspective - when parallel lines appear to diverge toward two different vanishing points.
 In, The Crystal Palace, two vanishing points are present so two different perspectives can be visualized.